Three-dimensional manipulation of femtosecond filament direction with an air bubble in water

We experimentally reported a simple, novel method to manipulate the directions of femtosecond filaments in three-dimensional (3D) space taking advantage of an air bubble in water. When the air bubble is introduced to the path of filaments, it will change the propagation direction of filaments by reflection or refraction, acting as a curved mirror with a high damage threshold. In this way, we successfully realized 3D manipulation of the directions of both filaments and supercontinuum emission over a wide range of solid angles only by finely adjusting the position of the air bubble with respect to the filament.