Syndrome-aware herb recommendation with multi-graph convolution network

Herb recommendation plays a crucial role in the therapeutic process of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which aims to recommend a set of herbs to treat the symptoms of a patient. While several machine learning methods have been developed for herb recommendation, they are limited in modeling only the interactions between herbs and symptoms, and ignoring the intermediate process of syndrome induction. When performing TCM diagnostics, an experienced doctor typically induces syndromes from the patient's symptoms and then suggests herbs based on the induced syndromes. As such, we believe the induction of syndromes - an overall description of the symptoms - is important for herb recommendation and should be properly handled. However, due to the ambiguity and complexity of syndrome induction, most prescriptions lack the explicit ground truth of syndromes.In this paper, we propose a new method that takes the implicit syndrome induction process into account for herb recommendation. Specifically, given a set of symptoms to treat, we aim to generate an overall syndrome representation by effectively fusing the embeddings of all the symptoms in the set, so as to mimic how a doctor induces the syndromes. Towards symptom embedding learning, we additionally construct a symptom-symptom graph from the input prescriptions for capturing the relations (cooccurred patterns) between symptoms; we then build graph convolution networks (GCNs) on both symptom-symptom and symptom-herb graphs to learn symptom embedding. Similarly, we construct a herb-herb graph and build GCNs on both herbherb and symptom-herb graphs to learn herb embedding, which is finally interacted with the syndrome representation to predict the scores of herbs. The advantage of such a Multi-Graph GCN architecture is that more comprehensive representations can be obtained for symptoms and herbs. We conduct extensive experiments on a public TCM dataset, demonstrating significant improvements over state-of-the-art herb recommendation methods. Further studies justify the effectiveness of our design of syndrome representation and multiple graphs.