Masked Autoencoders are Parameter-Efficient Federated Continual Learners

Federated learning is a specific distributed learning paradigm in which a central server aggregates updates from multiple clients' local models, thereby enabling the server to learn without requiring clients to upload their private data, maintaining data privacy. While existing federated learning methods are primarily designed for static data, real-world applications often require clients to learn new categories over time. This challenge necessitates the integration of continual learning techniques, leading to federated continual learning (FCL). To address both catastrophic forgetting and non-IID issues, we propose to use masked autoencoders (MAEs) as parameter-efficient federated continual learners, called pMAE. pMAE learns reconstructive prompt on the client side through image reconstruction using MAE. On the server side, it reconstructs the uploaded restore information to capture the data distribution across previous tasks and different clients, using these reconstructed images to finetune discriminative prompt and classifier parameters tailored for classification, thereby alleviating catastrophic forgetting and nonIID issues on a global scale. Experimental results demonstrate that pMAE achieves performance comparable to existing promptbased methods and can enhance their effectiveness, particularly when using self-supervised pre-trained transformers as the backbone. Code is available at: https://github.com/ycheoo/pMAE.