High-Sensitivity Adjustable Operating Modes Multifunctional Detector Based on InSe/VO₂ Heterojunction for Light and Electric Field Perception

High-performance and versatile multifunctional photodetection devices are essential for various applications, but they often face severe challenges, such as limited operating modes and low detection sensitivity. In this study, a multifunctional detector based on InSe/VO₂ heterojunction that integrates light and electric field perceiving capabilities and can dynamically switch operating modes is presented. The device can serve as a self-powered photodetector, logic gates, and an artificial nociceptor, showcasing its versatility and potential for various applications. The unique metal-insulator transition (MIT) of VO₂ enables the device to dynamically switch between self-powered photovoltaic and photoconductive modes. A significant advance over traditional photodetectors that can only operate in a single mode has been realized. The device exhibits high detectivity up to 2.09 × 10¹³ Jones and excellent responsivity of 6.15 A W⁻¹, making it a reliable and accurate tool for photodetection. In addition, it functions as “AND” and “OR” logic gates, providing opportunities for signal processing and communication. Moreover, by adding electric pulses to the InSe/VO₂ heterojunction, the device can also function as an artificial nociceptor, with potential implications for medical applications and prosthetics. This work presents remarkable progress toward intelligent sensors and systems, with transformative potential for electronic and photonic devices.