Graphene-incorporated nanocrystalline TiO₂ films for dye-sensitized solar cells

Recently, graphene, a rising star in carbon family, has generated increasing interest both in fundamental science and for the potential applications in batteries, biosensor and field-effect transistors due to its good conductivity, high electron mobility, superior chemical stability and large surface-to-volume ratio [1]. Chemical approaches, for the large-scale production of highly conducting graphene sheets, which speed up the application of graphene, have become reality [2]. Increasing studies have pursued the application of graphene in photovoltaic devices, for example, as a promising transparent electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and organic solar cells or as acceptors for organic solar cells [3-5].