Engineering synthetic optogenetic networks for biomedical applications

Background: Recently, optogenetics based on genetically encoded photosensitive proteins has emerged as an innovative technology platform to revolutionize manipulation of cellular behavior through light stimulation. It has enabled user defined control of various cellular behaviors with spatiotemporal precision and minimal invasiveness, creating unprecedented opportunities for biomedical applications. Results: This article reviews current advances in optogenetic networks designed for the treatment of human diseases. We highlight the advantages of these optogenetic networks, as well as emerging questions and future perspectives. Conclusions: Various optogenetic systems have been engineered to control biological processes at all levels using light and applied for numerous diseases, such as metabolic disorders, cancer, and immune diseases. Continued development of optogenetic modules will be necessary to precisely control of gene expression magnitude towards clinical medical practice in the context of real-world problems.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].