Effects of plastic contamination on carbon fluxes in a subtropical coastal wetland of East China

Coastal wetlands are recognized as carbon sinks that play an important role in mitigating global climate change because of the strong carbon uptake by vegetation and high carbon sequestration in the soil. Over the last few decades, plastic waste pollution in coastal zones has become increasingly serious owing to high-intensity anthropogenic activities. However, the influence of plastic waste (including foam waste) accumulation in coastal wetlands on carbon flux remains unclear. In the Yangtze Estuary, we investigated the variabilities of vegetation growth, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) fluxes, and soil properties in a clean Phragmites australis marsh and mudflat and a plastic-polluted marsh during summer and autumn. The clean marsh showed a strong CO₂ uptake capacity (a carbon sink), and the clean mudflat showed a weak CO₂ sink during the measurement period. However, polluted marshes are a significant source of CO₂ emissions. Regardless of the season, the gross primary production and vegetation biomass of the polluted marshes were on average 9.5 and 1.1 times lower than those in the clean marshes, respectively. Ecosystem respiration and CH₄ emissions in polluted marshes were significantly higher than those in clean marshes and mudflats. Generally, the soil bulk density and salinity in polluted marshes were lower, whereas the median particle size was higher at the polluted sites than at the clean sites. Increased soil porosity and decreased salinity may favor CO₂ and CH₄ emissions through gas diffusion pathways and microbiological behavior. Moreover, the concentrations of heavy metals in the soil of plastic-polluted marshes were 1.24–1.49 times higher than those in the clean marshes, which probably limited vegetation growth and CO₂ uptake. Our study highlights the adverse effects of plastic pollution on the carbon sink functions of coastal ecosystems, which should receive global attention in coastal environmental management.