Controls on suspended sediment concentration profiles in the shallow and turbid Yangtze Estuary

The vertical distribution of suspended sediment in continental shelf waters has significant implications for water quality, aquatic ecology, and sediment transport. Nevertheless, there have been relatively few systematic field studies aimed at determining whether a general vertical trend in suspended sediment concentration (SSC) exists, or how any such vertical trend can be expressed mathematically. In this study, based on 402 individual SSC profiles measured hourly during 16 dual-tide voyages at 8 stations in the outer Yangtze Estuary, we found that SSC followed an average depth profile that was smoothly concave-up. This average profile, and the relationship between SSC and height above the seabed, was exponential (R²>0.99). In comparison, the traditional Rouse equation based on hydrodynamics describes the measured average SSC profile poorly, in that the greater the distance from the near-bed height (where the reference SSC is taken), the greater the deviation of the simulated SSC from the measured SSC. However, in this study, a new approach was developed to overcome this flaw in the Rouse equation, which divides the equation into two parts. One part uses a reference SSC from a near-bed level, and an upwards decreasing coefficient, in the same way as the conventional Rouse equation. Conversely, the other part uses a reference SSC from at the water surface, and a downwards decreasing coefficient. Our modified hydrodynamics-based equation expresses the measured SSC well, with an R² between the simulated and measured SSCs exceeding 0.99. According to the average SSC profiles, the near-bed SSC was 2.8 times greater than the SSC at the water surface (close to the value of 3 suggested for modeling studies in the absence of empirical data), and the depth-averaged SSC was 1.8 times greater than the SSC at the water surface. We also found that the average SSC profile showed a uniform (from water surface to seabed) decline in SSC (25%) in response to the dramatic decline in the suspended sediment load supplied by the Yangtze River over the past three decades. However, the shape and vertical ratio of the average SSC profile have changed little, which suggests that the general form of the SSC profile is determined mainly by local hydrodynamics and sediment properties, and not by fluvial sediment supply.