Carbon greening: Constructing a new energy system in harmony with the eco-environment

Carbon, with its unique valence state ranging from −4 to +4 and its diverse bonding capabilities, is the fundamental building block of both matter and life. The inherent stability of carbon–carbon bonds makes carbon indispensable. It is essential to recognize the significance of carbon from various perspectives including matter, life, energy, and the environment. The concept of green carbon science highlights the importance of carbon balance and circulation. Hence, reconstructing the energy system requires prioritizing carbon greening and transitioning from “hydrocarbon processing” to “hydrocarbon synthesis and processing”. It is crucial to maintain limited use of fossil carbon resources while expanding the conversion of diverse energy resources, including green hydrogen, green carbon (biomass), and circular carbon (CO₂, waste plastics, and waste materials).