Caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl ester induces cancer cell senescence by suppressing twist expression

Compared with traditional cytotoxic cancer therapy, therapyinduced cancer cell senescence attracts much interest because it is similarly effective, has fewer side effects, and is more efficiently cleared by immune cells. In this study, we demonstrate that unlike caffeic acid phenethyl ester, caffeic acid 3,4- dihydroxy-phenethyl ester (CADPE), which is isolated from the medicinal plants Sarcandra glabra and Teucrium pilosum, inhibits human cancer cell growth and colony formation by inducing cancer cell senescence, not apoptosis. CADPE induces cell senescence and morphology changes by increasing cellular size and cytoplasmic granularity, enhancing senescenceassociated β-galactosidase activity and differentiated embryochondrocyte expressed gene 1 expression, and blocking cellcycle arrest in the G ₁ phase. To help understand the underlying mechanisms, we show that CADPE significantly suppressed the expression of Twist1 and led to the up-regulation of rat sarcoma, p53, p21 ^WAF1/CIP1, and p16 ^INK4a proteins in a dosedependent manner, resulting in the hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, overexpression of Twist1 prevented CADPE-induced cell senescence in tumor cells. Therefore, our studies provide evidence for a novel role of CADPE in cancer cell senescence by targeting the Twist1- dependent senescence signaling pathway.