Bit-efficient, sub-millisecond wavefront measurement using a lock-in camera for time reversal based optical focusing inside scattering media

Time-reversed ultrasonically encoded optical focusing measures the wavefront of ultrasonically tagged light, and then phase conjugates the tagged light back to the ultrasonic focus, thus focusing light deep inside the scattering media. In previous works, the speed of wavefront measurement was limited by the low frame rates of conventional cameras. In addition, these cameras usedmost of their bits to represent an informationless background when the signal-to-background ratio was low, resulting in extremely low efficiencies in the use of bits. Here, using a lock-in camera, we increase the bit efficiency and reduce the data transfer load by digitizing only the signal after rejecting the background. With this camera, we obtained the wavefront of ultrasonically tagged light after a single frame of measurement taken within 0.3 ms, and focused light in between two diffusers. The phase sensitivity has reached 0.51 rad even when the SBR is 6 × 10^-4.