海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议

Marine plastic debris is one of the most urgent global marine environmental concerns, drawing increasing attention globally from governments, the public, scientists, media and non-governmental organizations, and has become an important topic in current marine ecology and environmental research. In terms of the characterization, source and fate of plastic debris in water bodies, sediments and biota, this paper gives brief review on the research advances on the distribution, potential ecological risks, control measures for marine plastic debris and microplastics in different counties and relevant laws, regulations and conventions proposed by governments and non-governmental organizations. Given the lack of understanding on distribution of microplastics and ecological risk assessment system, this paper points out the existing problems in the methodology (collection, pretreatment and analysis), source and fate, ecological risk assessment and laws, regulations and policies of marine microplastics in scientific research and pollution management. Meanwhile, standardized methods, verified systematic ecological risk assessment models and relevant laws and regulations have not been well developed or established. The following suggestions on future research and management are put forward: (1) Unified and consistent analysis methods with international standards should soon developed, including the sampling, pretreatment and analysis; accurate estimation of microplastics input from terrestrial environment; potential ecological risk under environmental concentration. (2) Support for marine plastic debris and microplastics research in open sea voyages (Pacific and Indian Ocean), and systematic research on marine microplastics in riverine systems, deep sea basins and polar regions should be carried out. (3) Develop filtration system to recover plastic debris and microplastics in aquatic environment; establish relevant laws and policy to better manage plastic waste on land. (4) Improve public education system on marine plastic debris pollution to build awareness and call for public's attention to marine pollution.