The Impact of Gravity-Driven Sedimentation on Reshaping the Huanghe (Yellow River) Delta Front

Many of the world's mega-river deltas are currently degrading due to a shortage of sediment supply feeding their construction. Here, using bathymetric and seismic data, the geomorphological/sedimentary evolution on and near a recently abandoned (1976 CE) Huanghe delta lobe is investigated. The delta front (DF) exhibits a lobe switching-controlled pattern of progradation followed by mass wasting on the upper front, and redeposition at the seaward toe of the front; the latter process appears to be associated with sediment failure and contributes to delta degradation. During degradation, mass wasting-driven deepening of the upper DF was initially up to ∼0.86 m/yr from 1978 to 1985 CE, slowed to ∼0.12 m/yr from 1985 to 2000 CE, and has been negligible since. In either prograding or degrading, gravity-driven sedimentation results in a downlapping seismic unit superimposed on the bottomset of an earlier converging clinoform, with numerous buried/exposed submarine channels at its seaward terminus. These units exhibit a shore-parallel elongated and continuous geometry, suggesting lateral spreading, which we attribute to alongshore hydrodynamic (especially tidal) remolding. Our findings underscore the significance of sediment gravity flows in the evolution of a degrading delta front, particularly as a principal mechanism of downslope mass transport that gentled (halving the gradient) and reshaped the DF over time. Gravity-driven accumulations sourced from upper DF collapse can account for ∼1/3 of the previous DF and laterally extend over an unexpectedly large area (∼60-km long) through hydrodynamic redistribution. Both processes should be considered for modeling other subaqueous deltas.