The effectiveness of 3D holographic technology on students’ learning performance: a meta-analysis

In recent years, 3D holographic technology (3DHT) has attracted more and more attention from the field of education, bringing new opportunities to reform the delivery of instruction and learning. Whether the application of 3D holographic technology can effectively improve student learning performance has become a pendent issue. In this study, a meta-analysis method was used to provide a scientific answer based on 15 experimental or quasi-experimental studies that investigated the effect of 3DHT on student achievement between 2016 and 2021. The result showed that 3DHT has a large positive effect on student learning (SMD = 0.835, 95% CI [0.516, 1.153], p = 0.000). Moreover, the sample size, the treatment duration, the learning stage, the subject, the study design, and the type of 3DHT moderated the effectiveness of 3DHT on student learning insignificantly, while the sample region had a moderating effect. Even so, controlling the class size to less than 50 students, controlling the treatment duration to less than 3 months, and using naked eye holography are more conducive to promoting students’ learning performance.