Submarine groundwater discharge impacts on marine aquaculture: A mini review and perspective

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) acts as a conduit by which terrestrial materials enter coastal seas. In the present review, the impacts of SGD on marine aquaculture species are examined. SGD directly inputs to coastal water, modifying the hydrological conditions can enhance the growth rates of fish. More importantly, SGD-borne nutrient support primary productivity in various coastal ecosystems, and provide habitats that are more favorable for the increasing of macroalgae mussels, fishes, oysters and shellfishes globally, revealing the positive impacts of SGD on marine aquaculture. In contrast, SGD has also been shown to endanger the health of mariculture species due to the associated input of pollutants. These findings demonstrate the urgency of considering SGD in mariculture management measures, although more future research is critically needed.