Sodium acetate alleviated high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation by suppressing MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

With the development of aquaculture industry, high-carbohydrate diet is used to stimulate protein-sparing effect and reduce feed cost. However, fish utilize carbohydrates poorly in general, and instead, high level of carbohydrates in the diet influence the growth condition of fish. How to alleviate the side effects of high carbohydrate diet on fish health has attracted more and more attentions. In the present study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 25% and 45% of carbohydrate diet for eight weeks. Higher body weight but lower resistance to pathogen was found in 45% carbohydrate diet group. Higher expression level of inflammation cytokines, increased expression of total NF-κB protein and phosphorylated NF-κB protein (p-NF-κB) were detected in higher carbohydrate group. Concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was measured and the results indicated that high-carbohydrate diet decreased acetate content in the intestine. In order to detect the relationship between the decreased concentration of acetate and lower resistance to pathogen in high-carbohydrate group, 45% of carbohydrate diets (HC) supplemented with different concentrations of sodium acetate (HC + LA, 100 mmol/L; HC + MA, 200 mmol/L; HC + HA, 400 mmol/L) were used to raise Nile Tilapia for eight weeks. The results indicated that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate (HC + MA) reduced the mortality when fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, we also found that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate mainly inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and NF-κB phosphorylation to decrease the expression level of inflammation cytokines (IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the intestine. The present study indicated that certain concentration of sodium acetate could alleviate high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation mainly by suppressing MAPK activation and NF-κB phosphorylation.