Sewage treatment plant serves as a hot-spot reservoir of integrons and gene cassettes

This study investigated the occurrence and abundance of class 1 intégrons and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in a sewage treatment plant (STP) of China. Totally, 189 bacterial strains were isolated from influent, activated sludge and effluent, and 40 isolates contained the integons with a complete structure. The intll-carrying isolates were found to harbor two types of gene cassettes: dfrl7-oodA5 and oodA2, conferring resistances to trimethoprim and streptomycin, which were further confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility analysis. Many other gene cassettes were carried on integron, including qnrVCl, cotB-8-blooxo-l0-oodAl-ooc(6'}, oodB-oocA29b, oodA2, ooc(6'}-lb, oodA6 ond oodAl2, which were detected using DNA cloning. Quantitative real time PCR showed that over 99% of the integrons was eliminated in activated sludge process, but average copy number of integrons in given bacterial cells was increased by 56% in treated sewage. Besides integrons, other mobile gene elements (MGEs) were present in the STP with high abundance. MGEs and the associated ARGs may be wide-spread in STPs, which constitute a potential hot spot for selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and horizontal transfer of ARGs.