Robust gas condensation simulation with SPH based on heat transfer

Most simulation of natural phenomena in graphics are physically based, oftentimes involving heat transfer, phase transition, environmental constraints, and/or a combination of the above. At the numerical level, the particle-based schemes (e.g., smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH)) have proved to preserve subtle details while accommodating large quantity of particles and enabling complex interaction during heat transition. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid complementary framework to faithfully model intricate details in vapor condensation while circumventing disadvantages of the existing methods. The phase transition is governed by robust heat transfer and dynamic characteristic of condensation, so that the condensed drop is precisely simulated by way of the SPH model. We introduce the dew point to ensure faithful visual simulation, as the atmospheric pressure and the relative humidity were isolated from condensation. Moreover, we design a equivalent substitution for ambient impacts to correct the heat transfer across the boundary layer and reduce the quantity of air particles being utilized. To generate plausible high-resolution visual effects, we extend the standard height map with more physical control and construct arbitrary shape of surface via the reproduction on normal map. We demonstrate the advantages of our framework in several fluid scenes, including vapor condensation on a mirror and some more plausible contrasts.