Riverine and submarine groundwater nutrients fuel high primary production in a tropical bay

River discharge has long been recognized as a major source of nutrients supporting high primary production (PP) in Bandon Bay, while submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and atmospheric deposition have largely been overlooked. In this study, we evaluated contributions of nutrients via river, SGD and atmospheric deposition, and their roles on PP in the bay. Contribution of nutrients from the three sources during different time of the year was estimated. Nutrients supply from Tapi-Phumduang River accounted for two-fold the amount from SGD while very little supply was from atmospheric deposition. Significant seasonal difference in silicate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen were observed in river water. Dissolved phosphorous in river water was mainly (80 % to 90 %) of DOP in both seasons. For the bay water, DIP in wet season was two-fold higher than in dry season while dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) was only one half of those measured in dry season. In SGD, dissolved nitrogen was mostly inorganic (with 99 % as NH₄ ⁺), while dissolved phosphorous was predominantly (DOP). In general, Tapi River is the most important source of nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻, NO₂ ⁻, and DON), contributing >70 % of all considered sources, especially in wet season, while SGD is a major source for DSi, NH₄ ⁺ and phosphorus, contributing 50 % to 90 % of all considered sources. To this end, Tapi River and SGD deliver a large quantity of nutrients and support high PP in the bay (337 to 553 mg-C m⁻² day⁻¹).