Review on carbon-based composite materials for capacitive deionization

The last five decades have witnessed the rapid development of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a novel, low-cost and environment-friendly desalination technology. During the CDI process, salt ions are sequestered by the porous electrodes once exposed to an electric field. These electrodes, acting as an ion storage container, play a vital role during desalination. In this review, various carbon-based composite electrode materials, including carbon-carbon composites, carbon-metal oxide composites, carbon-polymer composites and carbon-polymer-metal oxide composites, are systematically presented. Applications of these carbon-based composite materials for the removal of the salt ions from solution are demonstrated and they exhibit improved CDI performances compared with pristine carbon electrodes.