Public vehicles for future urban transportation

This paper advocates a new paradigm of transportation systems for future smart cities, namely, public vehicles (PVs), that provides dynamic ridesharing trips at requests. Passengers will enjoy more convenient and flexible transportation services with much less expense. In the PV system, both the number of vehicles and required parking spaces will be significantly reduced. There will be less traffic congestion, less energy consumption, and less pollution. In this paper, the concept, method, and algorithm for the PV system are described. The key issue of effectively implementing the PV system is to design efficient planning and scheduling algorithms. The PV-path problem is formulated, which is NP-complete. Then, a practical approach is proposed, which can serve people anywhere and anytime. The simulation results show that, to achieve the same performance (e.g., total time, waiting time, and travel time), the number of vehicles in the PV system can be reduced by around 90% and 57% compared with the conventional vehicle system and Uber Pool, respectively, and the total traveling distance can be reduced by 34% and 14%.