On the role of goal orientation traits and self-efficacy in the goal-setting process: Distinctions that make a difference

We conducted a field study to investigate how goal orientation traits and two variants of self-efficacy affect the goal-setting process and, in turn, performance. Participants were 255 college students enrolled in psychology or biochemistry courses at a large east-coast university in the People's Republic of China. Structural equation modeling analyses largely supported the argument that self-efficacy defined as a trait interacts with goal orientation traits, whereas self-efficacy defined as a state mediates the trait effects in the goal-setting process. The specific Trait x Trait interaction form was consistent with Dweck's original goal orientation theory and Brockner's behavior plasticity theory.