New horizons in the mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for PD-L1 protein degradation in cancer

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become a crucial focus in cancer immunotherapy considering it is found in many different cells. Cancer cells enhance the suppressive impact of programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) through elevating PD-L1 expression, which allows them to escape immune detection. Although there have been significant improvements, the effectiveness of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is still limited to a specific group of patients. An important advancement in cancer immunotherapy involves improving the PD-L1 protein degradation. This review thoroughly examined the processes by which PD-L1 breaks down, including the intracellular pathways of ubiquitination-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome. In addition, the analysis revealed changes that affect PD-L1 stability, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. The significant consequences of these procedures on cancer immunotherapy and their potential role in innovative therapeutic approaches are emphasised. Our future efforts will focus on understanding new ways in which PD-L1 degradation is controlled and developing innovative treatments, such as proteolysis-targeting chimeras designed specifically to degrade PD-L1. It is crucial to have a thorough comprehension of these pathways in order to improve cancer immunotherapy strategies and hopefully improve therapeutic effectiveness.