Mechanism of Cs₂ CO₃ as an n-type dopant in organic electron-transport film

The electronic structures of cesium carbonate (Cs₂ CO ₃) doped 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) films with various doping concentration are characterized by in situ ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, in an attempt to understand the mechanism of electron-transport enhancement in Cs₂ CO₃ -doped organic electron-transport layer for organic optoelectronic devices. The n-type electrical doping effect is evidenced by the Fermi level shift in the Cs ₂ CO₃ -doped BPhen films toward unoccupied molecular states with increasing doping concentration, leading to increase in electron concentration in the electron-transport layer and reduction in electron injection barrier height. These findings originate from energetically favorable electron transfer from Cs₂ CO₃ to BPhen.