Is it more effective for anhedonia and avolition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Background: Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are a promising tool for treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Growing evidence suggests that different dimensions of negative symptoms have partly distinct underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown inconsistent impacts of NIBS across dimensions. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of NIBS on general negative symptoms, and on specific domains, including blunted affect, alogia, asociality, anhedonia, and avolition. Data Sources: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, PsycINFO, OpenGrey, and Clinicaltrials.gov from the first date available to October, 2023. Results: Among 1049 studies, we identified eight high-quality RCTs. NIBS significantly affects general negative symptoms (SMD = −0.54, 95% CI [−0.88, −0.21]) and all five domains (SMD = −0.32 to −0.63). Among dimensions, better effects have been shown for improvement of avolition (SMD = −0.47, 95% CI [−0.81, −0.13]) and anhedonia (SMD = −0.63, 95% CI [−0.98, −0.28]). Subgroup analyses of studies that applied once daily stimulation or >10 sessions showed significantly reduced negative symptom severity. Conclusion: NIBS exerts distinct effects across multiple dimensions of negative symptom, with treatment effects related to stimulation frequency and total sessions. These results need to be confirmed in dedicated studies.