Humidity-Driven Soft Actuator Built up Layer-by-Layer and Theoretical Insight into Its Mechanism of Energy Conversion

An improved protocol is proposed for preparation of a humidity-sensitive soft actuator through the layer-by-layer assembling of weight-ratio-variable composites of sodium alginate (SA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) into laminated structures. The design induces nonuniform hygroscopicity in the thickness direction and gives rise to strong interfacial interaction between layers, making the actuator have directional motility. A mathematical model reveals that the directional motion is driven by the chemical potential of humidity, and its energy conversion efficiency from humidity to mechanical work reaches 81.2% at 25 °C. By coating with CoCl₂, the composite film of SA@PVA/CoCl₂ can act as a warning sign that provides reminder information to prevent people from slipping or falling by a conspicuous red sign during a high-humidity environment. When the film is involved in a bidirectional switch, it is capable of turning on/off light-emitting diodes by humidity, showing promising potential in control over humidity-dependent devices.