Homework Goal Orientation Scale: Measurement invariance and latent mean differences across gender and grade level

The current study validated the Homework Goal Orientation Scale (HGOS) for secondary school students. Results revealed that HGOS consisted of two distinct but related subscales: mastery-approach and performance-approach. Given satisfactory measurement invariance, the latent mean differences were then examined across gender (males vs. females) and grade level (7th vs. 9th). Findings showed no statistically significant mean differences across gender and grade level. Finally, consistent with theoretical expectations, compared with performance-approach, mastery-approach was more strongly associated with homework effort, homework emotion regulation, homework completion, and math achievement.