His house, her house? Gender inequality and homeownership among married couples in urban China

Nearly four decades of housing reforms have transformed China into a homeowner society with homeownership rates exceeding 90 % in 2019. However, exactly which household member owns the property has seldom been studied. Using the 2017 China Household Financial Survey, this study examines the distribution of homeownership between the husband and wife, which is of great importance for understanding gender dynamics and intra-household inequality in urban China. Employing multi-level multinomial regressions, the results show that husbands generally have an absolute advantage of being the owners, which is stronger among the younger cohort. However, a wife's higher socioeconomic status, indicated by education, occupation, Chinese Communist Party membership, or hukou status, significantly increases her propensity to be stated as the deed owner. Furthermore, the gender disparity in homeownership between the husband and wife narrows in developed cities. We argue that the overall male dominance in household homeownership is structured and strengthened by the promotion of homeownership as a social norm, trapping both men and women in the reproduction of gender inequality.