Highly adaptable dual-plane reciprocal diffractive imaging

Non-interferometric holographic imaging offers strong robustness against environmental disturbances, making it well-suited for practical deployment and system integration. Although numerous non-interferometric techniques have been developed, most are specialized for either diffusive objects or non-diffusive ones, with no unified solution capable of effectively addressing both. This work presents a highly adaptable non-interferometric holographic imaging method that overcomes this limitation by recording diffraction intensities at two distinct propagation planes. This dual-plane strategy combines spatial intensity measurements with frequency-domain constraints to enable comprehensive light field reconstruction. A lateral displacement beam splitter is employed to simultaneously capture two diffraction patterns with different propagation distances, facilitating iterative wavefront retrieval between the Fourier domain and the two measurement planes. Experimental results demonstrate the method's ability to image a wide range of object types, including both diffusive and non-diffusive objects. High-fidelity reconstructions are achieved for diverse specimens such as standard resolution charts and lacewing wings. Overall, this work introduces a generalizable and high-efficiency framework for universal non-interferometric holographic imaging across a broad range of imaging scenarios.