From AM0 to GW: Technological leap and stellar voyage of space photovoltaics

The field of space photovoltaics (PVs) is on the verge of considerable growth. Unlike terrestrial PVs, space-based solar cells operate in the AM0 environment that involve harsh conditions, such as high-energy particle radiation, atomic oxygen erosion, and extreme temperature cycling, which complicate the application of space PVs. This paper presents a systematic review of the technological evolution from conventional Si-based cells to III-V multi-junction cells, perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and emerging thin-film technologies that have been developed to mitigate the aforementioned challenges. Three key dimensions are the focus of this review: cell technology, environmental adaptability, and component optimization. Furthermore, the development pathways of lightweight and flexible technologies are explored, and an in-depth analysis of degradation mechanisms and protection strategies in the space environment is presented. Key future technical challenges, including low-cost manufacturing, ultralightweight design, and in-situ assembly, are examined. Technological breakthroughs expected in the next 5–10 years are also projected.