Flood Susceptibility Mapping in Punjab, Pakistan: A Hybrid Approach Integrating Remote Sensing and Analytical Hierarchy Process

Flood events pose significant risks to infrastructure and populations worldwide, particularly in Punjab, Pakistan, where critical infrastructure must remain operational during adverse conditions. This study aims to predict flood-prone areas in Punjab and assess the vulnerability of critical infrastructures within these zones. We developed a robust Flood Susceptibility Model (FSM) utilizing the Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) model and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) incorporating 11 flood-influencing factors, including “Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), elevation, slope, precipitation (rain, snow, hail, sleet), rainfall, distance to rivers and roads, soil type, drainage density, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)”. The model, trained on a dataset of 850 training points, 70% for training and 30% for validation, achieved a high accuracy (AUC = 90%), highlighting the effectiveness of the chosen approach. The Flood Susceptibility Map (FSM) classified high- and very high-risk zones collectively covering approximately 61.77% of the study area, underscoring significant flood vulnerability across Punjab. The Sentinel-1A data with Vertical-Horizontal (VH) polarization was employed to delineate flood extents in the heavily impacted cities of Dera Ghazi Khan and Rajanpur. This study underscores the value of integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for generating detailed flood susceptibility maps that are potentially applicable to other global flood-prone regions.