Fast 3-D temporal focusing microscopy using an electrically tunable lens

In this paper, we present a 3-D temporal focusing microscope based on an electrically tunable lens (ETL) and a femtosecond regenerative laser amplifier. The focus-tunable lens provides a fast and compact way to perform non-mechanical z-scanning and resolves the blurry image issue compared with GVD-based z-scanning methods. The optical performance of the temporal focusing system, including z-scanning characteristics, the associated the magnification variation, and the lateral and axial resolution, has been studied and characterized using calibrated Rhodamine-6G thin film sample, fluorescent beads, and pollen samples. Lastly, we demonstrate the optical cross-sectioning and z-scanning capability with an in vivo experiment, where Ca²⁺ imaging of neurons in GaCamp6 labeled zebrafish was performed.