Evolution of multiple dielectric responses and relaxor-like behaviors in pure and nitrogen-ion-implanted (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ thin films

Multiple dielectric responses are comparatively investigated in the pure and nitrogen-ion-implanted (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ (BST) films. Larger diffusive degree of phase transition and more relaxor-like features than those of pure BST films are observed in implanted ones, where the long-range-dipolar- correlated-orders were further segregated into local polar orders after the implantation. Moreover, the implanted films possess a transition from local reorientations of groups of dipoles induced nearly constant-loss (NCL) type to oxygen vacancies (V_o) hopping type conduction at high temperature. Whereas, pure films behave as NCL type conduction along with a dielectric relaxation, which arises from the motions of defect complexes V_o ²⁺-Ti³⁺.