Dynamics of biogeomorphology and CO₂ sequestration in Jiangsu's coastal salt marshes in East China following Spartina alterniflora invasion during 2011[sbnd]2022

Coastal wetland ecosystems are important blue carbon sinks that are vulnerable to human activity, geographical changes, and ecological invasion. China's coastline has been invaded by Spartina alterniflora stemming from its artificial introduction (Jiangsu Province is a hotspot). Understanding the bio-geomorphic changes and carbon dynamics in invaded coastal ecosystems is of great significance. In this study, a coupled model was established and validated to explore vegetation community dynamics, topographical changes, and CO₂ fluxes in Jiangsu Province coastal salt marshes from 2011 to 2022. Both the measured and modeled results showed that the total vegetation area of the salt marshes continued to increase during the last decade, and the S. alterniflora area increased rapidly from 88.79 to 120.51 km², accounting for 73.52 %. The area dominated by native Phragmites australis increased slightly, whereas that dominated by Suaeda glauca decreased rapidly. The simulated sedimentation rates in the salt marshes generally matched the monitored data in the northern and central regions of the Jiangsu coastline. The S. alterniflora invasion promoted flat accretion due to its rapid range expansion and strong sediment-trapping ability. The model described the variations in the CO₂ fluxes of different vegetation types in salt marshes on daily, monthly, and annual scales. The calculation of gross CO₂ sequestration demonstrated that Jiangsu's coastal salt marshes possess robust carbon sink capabilities, with average amounts of 289,727.66 TC year⁻¹ of gross primary production (GPP) and 193,440.07 TC year⁻¹ of net ecosystem exchange (NEE). S. alterniflora marshes were the primary contributors to GPP (∼87 %) and NEE (∼88 %). Our results are helpful for assessing or predicting the effects of invasive species on the bio-geomorphic changes and carbon sink capacities of coastal wetlands, as a deliberate management strategy for invasive species control.