Defect Engineering of Photocatalysts towards Elevated CO₂ Reduction Performance

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction provides a promising solution to address the crises of massive CO₂ emissions and fossil energy shortages. As one of the most effective strategies to promote CO₂ photoconversion, defect engineering shows great potential in modulating the electronic structure and light absorption properties of photocatalysts while increasing surface active sites for CO₂ activation and conversion. This Review summarizes the recent progress in defect engineering of photocatalysts to promote CO₂ reduction performances from the following four aspects: 1) Approaches to defect (mainly vacancy and dopant) generation in photocatalysts; 2) defect structure characterization techniques; 3) physical and chemical properties of defect-engineered photocatalysts; 4) CO₂ reduction performance enhancements in activity, selectivity, and stability of photocatalysts by defect engineering. This Review is expected to present readers with a comprehensive view of progress in the field of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction through defect engineering for elevated CO₂-to-fuels conversion efficiency.