Counterfeiting legitimacy: Reflections on the usurpation of popular politics and the "political culture" of China, 1912-1949

The rhetoric of popular political participation filled Republican China's newspapers, periodicals, and books throughout the 1910s and 1920s. The vocabulary, however, masked a different reality: the monopolization of political life by elites, well-organized political parties, and various kinds of activists. Through a three-part analysis of counterfeit legitimacy in early twentieth-century print media-the widespread use of the word "citizen," the seeming pervasiveness of civil society associations, and the periodic scheduling of elections-this article exposes the manner in which democratic-sounding rhetoric was manipulated for political gain. Chinese political culture in this era could be characterized as a culture of "misrepresentation" in which politically savvy individuals and groups deliberately cloaked themselves with misleading rhetoric. A recognition of this "usurpation of popular politics" should inform any scholarly attempts to locate a "civil society" or a "public sphere" in early twentieth century China.