Characterizing bird species for achieving the win-wins of conserving biodiversity and enhancing regulating ecosystem services in urban green spaces

Urban green spaces provide regulating ecosystem services (RS) to humans and contribute to biodiversity conservation under urbanization pressure. However, trade-offs arise while making development decisions in urban green space planning, as the prioritization of enhancing RS may not always contribute to biodiversity conservation and vice versa. Therefore, achieving a balance between these trade-offs becomes essential in promoting conservation strategies that maximize win-win outcomes for both biodiversity and RS, ultimately leading to sustainable urban development. A practical approach to strike this balance is to prioritize specific species as surrogates for population protection, thereby benefiting co-occurring species and promoting the maintenance of a high RS level. To explore this approach, we conducted monthly bird surveys in green spaces over five years along an urbanization gradient in Shanghai, China. Based on the monthly bird dataset, to begin, we used indicator species analysis to identify bird indicators for the monthly RS (which were calculated from an economic perspective). Following from that, the umbrella index was used to prioritize umbrella species for biodiversity conservation. Finally, surrogate species were selected on the basis of their identification as both RS indicators and umbrella species. Consequently, seven common species were identified as surrogates in Shanghai. The RS indicator species were mainly omnivores and tree-nesting, with most umbrella species belonging to this subset. Furthermore, understanding the population dynamics of surrogate species could provide information on overall biodiversity and RS status, facilitating the optimization of management strategies and policies in cities. Our integrated approach, which combines indicator and umbrella species, provides a tool for establishing connections between ecosystem service maintenance and biodiversity conservation. This approach is useful in promoting planning strategies to conserve biodiversity while ensuring sustainable provision of ecosystem services and can be applied in the sustainable management of human-dominated landscapes.