Changjiang coastal mud-belt deposits in Taiwan Strait: Controls on its distribution and facies

Coastal mud belts, which lie parallel to the coast just seaward of the shoreface, are one of the most important settings where shallow-marine muddy deposits accumulate. However, sedimentary processes and facies distributions of coastal mud belts remain largely uninvestigated. This study uses process-oriented sedimentology, coupled with provenance analysis and organic geochemistry of sedimentary records at the northern entrance to the Taiwan Strait, to investigate one of the largest such systems in the world, the Changjiang coastal mud belt. Carbon-14 dates indicate that deposition has been intermittent throughout Marine Isotope Stages 1, 2 and 3, with several cryptic gaps in the muddy succession as a result of exposure or transgressive erosion during periods of lower or rising sea level, respectively. The palaeowater depth of each depositional unit was roughly estimated based on a global sea-level curve and the elevation and age of the depositional units. Integrated provenance and sedimentology studies suggest that an incised valley most likely cut by the Minjiang, a nearby river draining the Chinese mainland, probably during Marine Isotope Stage 6, was filled with shelf mud during Marine Isotope Stage 3. These results demonstrate that deposition of mud on the Changjiang coastal mud belt was influenced by sea-level changes that controlled water depth and flow patterns through Taiwan Strait. The Changjiang coastal mud belt migrates landward when sea level rises and moves seaward when sea level drops. In addition, changes in oceanic circulation associated with opening and closing of Taiwan Strait due to sea-level changes causes significant changes in the source of the mud, with an alternation between sediment contributions from the Changjiang in the north, the nearby Minjiang, and the island of Taiwan to the south-east. This study also reveals that the Changjiang coastal mud belt deposits are composed of both shallower-water and deeper-water facies. The shallower-water facies predominantly comprises abundant fluid-mud beds generated by waves and tidal currents. The deeper-water facies contains shell-rich mud and bioturbated mud, which were likely deposited by the Chinese coastal current and Taiwan Warm current. The bed types and interpretation of sedimentary processes of the Changjiang coastal mud belt are useful for recognition of ancient deposits of coastal mud belts elsewhere.