Changes in the trophic interactions and the community structure of Lake Taihu (China) ecosystem from the 1960s to 1990s

As the third largest freshwater lake in China, Lake Taihu has suffered from overfishing, eutrophication, and physical disturbance over the last several decades. Evaluating and quantifying changes in the ecosystem can help us better understand and develop hypotheses to explain the dynamics of the ecosystem. In this study, trophic interactions and community structure of commercial fisheries species of Lake Taihu ecosystem were analyzed and compared for three time periods (1961-1965, 1981-1987, and 1991-1995) using the Ecopath with Ecosim model with the aim of evaluating the changes in the population dynamics and ecosystem development mechanism spanning the period from the 1960s to 1990s. The results show that the biomass of large predators decreased over the three decades, while the biomass of small species increased. Increases in the P/B ratios and fishing mortality levels observed for species groups reveal rapidly intensifying fishery stress over the three decades. The fisheries operated at the highest trophic level during the 1980s, and there are some indications of "fishing down the food web" in this ecosystem between the 1980s and the 1990s. Drawing upon Odum's theory of ecosystem maturity, the structured, web-like ecosystem of the 1960s developed into a highly mature system during the 1980s; yet, in the 1990s, this structure became less complex and the system's maturity fell to its lowest observed level. During this period, the successional development of the system occurred in reverse.