Bone-Targeted Nanoparticles Enable Metabolic Reprogramming via cGAS Lactylation Suppression to Restore Chemosensitivity and Antitumor Immunity in Osteosarcoma

Chemoresistance and immune suppression are pervasive in osteosarcoma (OS), severely limiting the efficacy of cisplatin. Aberrant glycolysis and excessive lactate accumulation not only promote tumor resistance but are also associated with impaired antitumor immunity, in part through cGAS lactylation, a lactate-associated post-translational modification of cGAS linked to attenuated cGAS–STING signaling. Here, we have developed a bone-targeted nanotherapeutic, MALss^Gi/A@Mi, co-loaded with the GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117 and the MCT1 inhibitor BAY8002, to restore immunometabolic balance in OS. MALss^Gi/A@Mi enables glutathione-responsive release in the reductive tumor microenvironment and simultaneously inhibits the overexpression of GLUT1 and MCT1, leading to coordinated suppression of lactate production and transport. This material-mediated metabolic reprogramming alleviates cGAS lactylation, promotes restoration of cGAS–STING signaling, and enhances antitumor immune responses. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that MALss^Gi/A@Mi markedly sensitizes OS to cisplatin, remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and suppresses tumor growth. Importantly, robust therapeutic efficacy is further validated in a patient-derived xenograft model established from post-chemotherapy recurrent OS, highlighting its translational potential. Collectively, this work presents a nanomaterial-enabled strategy to overcome chemoresistance through modulation of the metabolic–immune axis.