Automated nanoarchitectonics for networks filling by Prussian blue single crystals through an intermittentto-flow conversion

Automated networks filling by single crystals is of urgent needs but suffers great challenge owing to the unavoidable intermittent chemical procedures. Here we report an intermittent-to-flow conversion by using a series-connection reagent, HCl acid, thereby realize automated filling of the networks by single crystals. The HCl not only controls the assembly and modification process of the networks which are formed by low-dimensional materials, but also triggers crystallization of single crystals inside the connected pores of the networks. More importantly, it is a volatile acid thus can flow as liquid and gas phases in a continuous stream. Several kinds of networks penetrated Prussian blue single crystal matrix composites are synthesized through a flow/automated procedure. The obtained single crystal matrix composites are of large quantity and are fabricated as electrodes with a thickness of ∼540 µm and an areal loading of 40 mg cm⁻² for dual-mode seawater batteries which present high practical power density of ∼47.6 mW cm⁻².