An improved accessibility index to effectively assess urban park allocation: Based on working and residential situations

Fast-paced life places significant pressure on urban residents. Park green space can improve human well-being, reduce work stress, and contribute to physical and mental health. However, parks may not be sufficiently used. The static assessment of park accessibility ignores different situations in residents' daily lives, which may lead to an incomplete evaluation. This study measures urban park accessibility (UPA) in working and residential situations in central Shanghai. It develops an effective utilization accessibility (EUA) index to assess the integrated supply and availability of parks by considering the dynamic spatiotemporal behavior of residents. The results show that several subdistricts have high EUA, and the spatial allocation of parks is inequitable. The rich park resources in the city's central area cannot be fully used by residents. There is an obvious distinction between the UPA values of the working and residential situations. Thus, we suggest that in future urban park planning, the working situation should be incorporated, and the functions and distribution of parks should be considered specifically for target groups. According to our findings, the EUA index is valid. It can sufficiently reflect the spatial equity of urban park allocation and inform park planning and design.