药物及个人护理品的污染现状, 分析技术及生态毒性研究进展

With the rapid development of pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, the amounts of production and usage of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have remarkably increased. PPCPs have been identified as micro-pollutants in the natural environment. Because of the low concentrations, measurement difficulties and potential ecological risks in the environment, the quantitative determination methods of PPCPs with higher sensitivities have attracted more attention. This study compared different sample pretreatments (liquid liquid extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase micro extraction (SPME), ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE)); and different analytical methods (GC/MS, GC/MS/MS, LC/MS, LC/MS/MS) of PPCPs. The study also determined and compared the detection limits of the methods and the concentrations of PPCPs in different surface water, sediment, and drinking water samples. For the water samples, solid phase extraction pretreatment demonstrated the advantages of high recovery, high concentration factor, low organic solvent and time saving. Ultrasonic solvent extraction is best used for the pretreatment of the solid samples. It has the merits of simple operation and wide adaptability. The optimal analytical technique is HPLC/MS/MS. It can analyze most compounds. Mass spectrometry process is easy to operate and with high sensitivities. PPCPs can be enriched in aquatic organisms, inhibit protein activity, nucleic acid synthesis, enzyme activity, and interfere with algae and animal growth, and chlorophyll content. The results of this study suggest that technologies that are able to reach lower detection limit of PPCPs qualitatively and quantitatively are critical. Meanwhile, the risk assessment of PPCPs should be strengthened. This research will provide the theoretical basis and scientific evidence to reduce the environmental harm of PPCPs.