创造性破坏还是创造性提升？重新审视乡村商品化的过程与效应

Tourism- led rural commodification aims to create ideal landscapes for tourists to consume. However, in many cases it is often seen that the over-development of rural tourism destroys the original aesthetic landscape of the countryside. The'creative destruction'model derived from this phenomenon forms a'hegemony'in explaining tourism- related rural commodification, and to some extent it obscures other possible perceptions of rural spatial development. Based on a comprehensive introduction to the theories of'creative destruction' and'creative enhancement'proposed by Clare Michell, this paper takes Xixinan village in Huangshan, China, as a typical case to falsify and confirms the relevant propositions through six field surveys. It is found that, whether based on the stage and current situation of rural commodification, or from the perspective of functions, users, and representations, the spatial commodification of Xixinan village did not evolve into a common consequence of'creative destruction'. Instead, it is entering a state of'creative enhancement', showing the coexistence of multiple types of landscapes. The reasons behind are that, firstly, the coexistence of local and external consumption demand enables various functions to be preserved. Secondly, the rural heritage utilization model implemented by the local government has set the strict development direction. The new gentry with cultural complex, historical responsibility and business vision who immigrated to Xixinan village played the role of enlightenment and guardian, helping to strengthen the discourse of protectionism. Thirdly, the strong place dependence and place attachment of villagers to this traditional village reduces the possibility of displacement, which plays an important role in maintaining local consumption and landscape. Meanwhile, along with the problems found in the fieldwork, the structural aspects of political economy behind the 'creative enhancement'are also disclosed. That is, this paper further analyzes the issue of commercial institutions, organizations and dominance in the tourism- related rural commodification of Xixinan village. Structural inequalities in access to resources, exercise of power, and distribution of benefits exist between outsiders and natives. In fact, this is more significant for rural development to truly move towards'creative enhancement'. It is argued that creative enhancement should not be just a superficial appearance, covered up by rhetoric such as idyll and rural amenity, but a real and inner process. As such, this study helps to expand the understanding of rural transformation development, and also makes a useful supplement to the theoretical basis of'creative enhancement'.