从第三极到北极:气候与冰冻圈变化及其影响

The Third Pole and Arctic are important for environmental，social-economic，and political develop⁃ ments and strategies for China. It is expected to provide some experiences for the future comprehensive research by summarizing the current situation and tendency of the researches on the Third Pole and Arctic. The Third Pole and Arctic climate and cryosphere components showed significant changes，which are expected to continue in the future decades. Land air temperature in the Third Pole and Arctic warmed at twice the rate of global warm⁃ ing and the overall trends were highly consistent since the 1970s. The frequency of extreme events increased over the past decades. Seasonal snow cover，permafrost，land ice，sea ice，ecosystem，and hydrological cycles also showed considerable changes. These changes have not only important impacts on ecology，hydrology，and carbon cycles but also considerable impacts on infrastructure，socioeconomics，and human health. Continuously significant changes in the climate system and cryosphere may affect the globe through the amplification derived from albedo and water vapor feedbacks and a series of atmospheric circulation processes and ocean circulation processes. Currently，the common challenges of studies in the Third Pole and Arctic include extremely sparse ground monitoring networks，insufficient physics and spatiotemporal resolutions in models，and the lack of quan⁃ titative research and reliable evidence in the teleconnections within global systems. Resolving these issues main⁃ ly depends on the expansion of the ground monitoring networks and the improvements of understanding of the physics in the cryosphere and climate system. Extending from the Third Pole to the Arctic is not only the expan⁃ sion of the research perspective but also important to understand their roles in the Earth system.